Firewall Rules, NAT & VLANs

Master VergeOS network rules — firewall policies, NAT/PAT translation, static routes, VLAN trunking, VPN connectivity, and micro-segmentation strategies.

Network Rules Overview

Network rules are the central control mechanism for all traffic flowing through a VergeOS network. They replace the functionality traditionally provided by separate firewalls, routers, and switches — all managed from a single rule list on each network.

Every external, internal, and VPN network in VergeOS has its own rule set. Rules define what traffic is allowed, blocked, translated, or routed. Because internal networks are default-secure (no traffic flows until rules permit it), understanding rules is essential for building functional, secure network topologies.

Rules are accessed from any network's dashboard by clicking Rules in the left menu.

Rule Types

VergeOS supports three rule actions, each serving a distinct purpose:

Firewall Rules (Accept / Drop / Reject)

Firewall rules control which packets are allowed to pass through the network:

Action	Behavior
Accept	Allow packets matching the defined criteria to pass through
Drop	Silently discard matching packets — the sender receives no response
Reject	Discard matching packets and send an ICMP "destination unreachable" back to the source (when possible)

Use Accept rules to explicitly permit traffic that should be allowed. Use Drop for most blocking scenarios (silent discard prevents reconnaissance). Use Reject when you want the sender to immediately know the connection was refused.

NAT/PAT Rules (Translate)

Translate rules provide Network Address Translation (NAT) and Port Address Translation (PAT). Common uses include:

• SNAT (Source NAT) — Hide internal VM addresses behind a single external IP for outbound Internet access
• DNAT (Destination NAT) — Map an external IP/port to an internal VM's IP/port for inbound service access (e.g., publishing a web server)
• 1:1 NAT — Map a full external IP to a full internal IP (all ports)
• Port forwarding — Translate a specific external port to a different internal port

NAT rules use the Translate action with Incoming direction for DNAT and Outgoing direction for SNAT.

Static Route Rules (Route)

Route rules define how traffic exits a network. The most common use is the default gateway rule that sends all outbound traffic through the DMZ to an external network. Route rules can also define specific paths for inter-network communication.

Rule Processing Order

Rules are processed top-to-bottom. The first matching rule wins — once a packet matches a rule, no further rules are evaluated for that packet.

Order matters. Consider this example:

1. NAT rule — Translate incoming traffic on port 443 to internal VM 10.100.0.50:443
2. Firewall rule — Drop incoming traffic on port 443

If these rules are reversed (drop first, then NAT), the traffic will be dropped before the NAT rule ever sees it. Always place NAT/Translate rules above related firewall rules when they need to process traffic first.

To change rule order, select a rule from the rule list and use the Move option to reposition it.

Rule Parameters

Every rule is configured with a consistent set of parameters:

Parameter	Description
Name	Descriptive label for administration (e.g., Allow HTTPS, SNAT to WAN)
Action	Accept, Drop, Reject, Route, or Translate
Protocol	TCP, UDP, ICMP, or ANY
Direction	Incoming or Outgoing
Interface	Specific interface or Any
Source	Where traffic originates — see Address Selectors below
Destination	Where traffic is addressed to go
Target	Where to actually direct traffic (used with Route and Translate actions)
Pin	Optionally pin the rule to the Top or Bottom of the rule list

Port Filtering

For TCP and UDP protocols, you can specify:

• A single port (e.g., 443)
• A port range (e.g., 8000-8999)
• Multiple ports using separate rules

Connection Tracking State

Advanced rules can filter on connection state (New, Established, Related, Untracked) for stateful packet inspection.

Address Selectors

The Source, Destination, and Target fields use address selectors — flexible options for specifying where traffic comes from or goes to:

Selector	Description
Alias	Select a named alias (a group of IPs/CIDRs) defined on this network
Any/None	Match any address — no filter applied
Custom	Enter a specific IP, CIDR, or IP range (e.g., 192.168.1.50-192.168.1.100)
Default	Helper for route rules — defines the default route (0.0.0.0/0)
My IP Addresses	Select an IP defined on this network (virtual IPs, static IPs, aliases)
My Network Address	This network's entire subnet
My Router IP	This network's router IP (single address)
Other IP Address	Select a specific IP from a different network
Other Network Address	Select another network's entire subnet
Other Router IP	Select another network's router IP
Other Network DMZ IP	Select the DMZ-side IP of another network (used for inter-network routing)

Use the helper selectors (My IP, Other Network DMZ IP, etc.) instead of hardcoding IP addresses. Helper selectors automatically update if network addresses change, and they enable rules to work correctly when cloned into recipes or tenant templates.

Network Aliases

Aliases let you group multiple IP addresses or CIDR ranges into a named set, then reference that set in rules. This simplifies management when the same group of addresses appears in multiple rules.

To create an alias:

1. Navigate to Networks → Aliases → New
2. Enter a Name (e.g., Web-Servers, Trusted-Admins)
3. Define the Address Set — enter IPs/CIDRs as a pipe-delimited list (e.g., 10.10.10.10|10.200.10.0/24) or add entries individually
4. Set Publishing Scope: Private (this cloud only) or Global (available to tenants)
5. Click Submit

When creating rules, set the Source or Destination Type to Alias and select the desired alias from the dropdown.

After modifying an alias, you must click Apply Rules on every network that uses it for the changes to take effect.

Rate Limiting (Traffic Throttle)

Individual rules can have throttling enabled to limit traffic rate. When creating or editing a rule, check Enable Throttle and configure:

• Rate — The numeric rate value
• Rate Type — Units such as packets/second, MB/day, bytes/hour, etc.
• Burst — Burst allowance above the rate limit

Rate limiting can also be applied at the network level (on the network's router) to throttle all traffic flowing through the network, not just specific rules.

Rule Diagnostics

VergeOS provides three levels of rule-level diagnostics:

Track Rule Statistics

Enable the Track Rule Statistics checkbox on any rule to count packets and bytes processed by that rule. Statistics are viewable from the rule list, enabling you to see which rules are actively handling traffic and how much.

For network-wide tracking, enable the network's statistics setting to automatically track every rule (refer to the current UI for the exact label).

Trace / Debug Rule

Enable Trace/Debug Rule on a specific rule to trace all packets that match it. This is invaluable for troubleshooting — you can see exactly which packets are hitting a rule and whether they are being accepted, dropped, or translated.

Low-Level Inspection

For advanced diagnostics, connect to the network's console and run:

nft list ruleset

This displays the full nftables ruleset as configured by VergeOS, showing the actual kernel-level rules in effect. This is useful for support engineers diagnosing complex rule interaction issues.

Creating Rules: Walkthrough

This example creates a common rule set for an internal network that needs Internet access and an inbound web server:

Step 1: Default Route (outbound Internet access)

1. Navigate to the internal network → Rules → New
2. Name: Default Gateway, Action: Route, Direction: Outgoing
3. Destination: Default, Target: Other Network DMZ IP → select your external network
4. Submit and Apply Rules

Step 2: SNAT (hide internal IPs behind external IP)

1. Name: SNAT Outbound, Action: Translate, Direction: Outgoing
2. Source: My Network Address, Target: Other Network DMZ IP → select external network
3. Pin to Top (SNAT must process before firewall rules)
4. Submit and Apply Rules

Step 3: DNAT (publish web server)

1. Name: DNAT HTTPS, Action: Translate, Protocol: TCP, Direction: Incoming
2. Destination: My IP Addresses → select the external IP, Port: 443
3. Target: Custom → 10.100.0.50 (internal web server), Port: 443
4. Submit and Apply Rules

Step 4: Accept inbound HTTPS

1. Name: Allow HTTPS, Action: Accept, Protocol: TCP, Direction: Incoming
2. Destination Port: 443
3. Submit and Apply Rules

Always click Apply Rules after creating or modifying rules. Rules are staged until applied — they do not take effect until you explicitly apply them.

VLAN Trunking

VLANs in VergeOS are configured at the external network level using 802.1Q tagging. Each external network can be mapped to a specific VLAN ID on a physical network, enabling traffic segmentation without additional physical cabling.

Creating a VLAN-Tagged External Network

1. Navigate to Networks → New External
2. Set Layer 2 Type to vLAN
3. Enter the Layer 2 ID (the 802.1Q VLAN ID, e.g., 100)
4. Select the Interface Network (the physical network this VLAN rides on)
5. Configure IP addressing and submit

Multiple external networks can use different VLAN IDs on the same physical network, providing logical separation for management, production, DMZ, and tenant traffic.

Q-in-Q (Double Tagging)

For service provider environments that require double VLAN tagging, select an external network (not a physical network) as the Interface Network. This stacks a second VLAN tag on top of the existing one.

VPN Overview

VergeOS includes built-in VPN connectivity using two protocols:

WireGuard

Modern, high-performance VPN protocol with state-of-the-art cryptography and minimal configuration overhead. Recommended for most VPN use cases.

IPsec

Industry-standard VPN protocol provided for environments that must interface with third-party IPsec devices (Cisco, pfSense, etc.).

WireGuard Use Cases

• Site-to-site between VergeOS systems — Connect two VergeOS installations over an encrypted tunnel. Each side creates a WireGuard interface and configures the other as a peer using public key exchange.
• Site-to-site with third-party peers — Connect a VergeOS system to any WireGuard-compatible endpoint.
• Remote user access — Provide secure VPN access for individual users. VergeOS can auto-generate peer configuration files for download to supported WireGuard client software.

WireGuard is attached to a VergeOS network (typically an internal network that has access to all resources the VPN should reach). After creating the interface and peer definitions, click Apply Rules to activate the auto-generated firewall and routing rules.

IPsec Use Cases

• Third-party device connectivity — Connect to Cisco, pfSense, FortiGate, or other IPsec-capable devices at remote sites.
• Tenant VPN — Configure an IPsec tunnel within a tenant for site-to-site connectivity to the tenant's remote infrastructure.

IPsec configuration involves creating a VPN Network, configuring Phase 1 (IKE negotiation) and Phase 2 (encryption/tunnel parameters), then applying the auto-generated firewall rules.

WireGuard is recommended over IPsec whenever possible. It provides better performance, simpler configuration, and is less vulnerable to security misconfigurations.

Micro-Segmentation

Micro-segmentation is a security strategy that divides the network into isolated segments, each with its own security controls. VergeOS is purpose-built for this approach:

How VergeOS Enables Micro-Segmentation

1. Internal networks as segments — Each internal network is an isolated security boundary by default. Create separate networks for web, app, database, management, and development tiers.
2. Granular firewall rules — Define per-rule traffic policies specifying protocol, port, source, destination, and direction. Only permit the exact traffic each tier needs.
3. Network aliases for policy groups — Group related IPs into aliases (e.g., Web-Servers, DB-Clients) and reference them in rules for consistent policy enforcement.
4. Tenant isolation — Each tenant (VDC) operates with its own DMZ and internal networks, providing full network encapsulation between tenants.
5. Port mirroring for visibility — Monitor traffic on any network segment for security analysis without disrupting production.
6. VPN for encrypted paths — Use WireGuard or IPsec between sensitive network segments for defense-in-depth.

Zero-Trust Design Pattern

Each tier is a separate internal network with explicit rules. The web tier accepts only HTTPS from the Internet. The app tier accepts only port 8080 from the web tier. The database tier accepts only port 3306 from the app tier. No other traffic is permitted — all paths are explicitly defined.

VMware Bridge

VMware splits firewall and NAT across NSX-T DFW (micro-segmentation at the vNIC), NSX-T Edge (NAT and Tier-0/Tier-1 static routing), and vDS port groups (VLAN). VergeOS unifies these into per-network rule lists: firewall rules replace DFW, translate rules replace NSX Edge NAT, route rules replace Tier-0/Tier-1 static routes, rule ordering replaces NSX policy categories, and WireGuard VPN ships in-platform.

Nutanix Bridge

Nutanix needs the Flow add-on for micro-segmentation, OVS bridge config for VLANs, and external infrastructure for NAT/routing/VPN. VergeOS includes firewall rules, NAT/PAT rules, route rules, WireGuard/IPsec VPN, address aliases, and per-rule rate limiting and statistics built into each network.

Key Takeaways

Concept	Summary
Rule types	Accept/Drop/Reject (firewall), Translate (NAT/PAT), Route (static routes)
Processing order	Top-to-bottom — first match wins; order NAT before related firewall rules
Address selectors	Use helpers (My IP, Other Network DMZ IP) instead of hardcoded IPs for portability
Aliases	Named groups of IPs/CIDRs for consistent policy management across multiple rules
Rate limiting	Per-rule throttle or network-wide rate limiting on the router
Diagnostics	Track Statistics per rule, Trace/Debug for packet-level inspection, nft list ruleset for low-level view
VLANs	802.1Q tagging set per external network; Q-in-Q via external-as-interface
VPN	WireGuard (recommended) for site-to-site and remote access; IPsec for third-party compatibility
Micro-segmentation	Separate internal networks per tier + least-privilege rules = zero-trust architecture

Next Steps

With firewall rules, NAT, VLANs, and VPN configured, explore the hands-on lab to put these concepts into practice: Lab: Network Configuration →